National Basketball Association The Lockout Essay

National Basketball Association: The Lockout Jestina N Shand Webster University Abstract (150 words) This paper explores the history of the relationship of National Basketball Association and National Basketball Players Association. It’s really the behind the scenes acts of the players and owners that dictate what we watch on television. This behind the scenes activity is the act of collective bargaining, which has existed since the begging. Collective bargaining in sports is the process by which owners in the professional sports leagues negotiate with the players in their league on every issue that affects the sport. In this paper we are going to focus on the NBA (NATIONAL Basketball Association) National Basketball Association: The Game Off The Court The game of basketball was founded by Canadian physical education instructor James Naismith in 1891. It was a game that was first played in local YMCA that helped developed the game to what it is today. The YMCA had a major role in spreading basketball thought the world. In 1893 basketball was now played at the collegiate level. A few years later in 1898 the first professional league was founded. The National Basketball League consisted of six teams, but was later abandoned in 1904. The game continued to be played in YMCA and colleges around the world. Basketball was known as an international sport and in 1932 FIBA (International Basketball Federation) was formed. Fifty-five years later after the game we all grew toShow MoreRelatedThe Basketball Association Of America Essay1170 Words   |  5 PagesThe game of basketball was founded by Canadian physical education instructor James Naismith in 1891. It was a game that was first played in local YMCA that helped develop the game to what it is today. The YMCA had a major role in spreading basketball throughout the world. In 1893 basketball was now playing at the collegiate level. A few years later in 1898 the first professional league was founded. The National Basketball League consisted of six teams, but was later abandoned in 1904. The game continuedRead MoreSocial And Economic Impacts Of The Industrial Revolution1553 Words   |  7 Pagesincreasing power and significance of labor unions in the workforce was not lost on athletes. Boston Celtic Bob Cousy, a six time NBA champion, perennial All-Star, and the 1957 Most Valuable Player of the National Basketball Association created the player union titled The National Basketball Players Association (NBPA) in 1954. Team owners gave the NBPA recognition in 1957; however, due to a lack of interest from the players and a lack general organization, the NBPA was not taken seriously by anyone, and asRead MoreThe Nba Player s Association1415 Words   |  6 Pageslevel, the y also experience bad work conditions, dissatisfied with how they are treated, unreasonable pay and benefits, and the organization not being interested in their well being. According to an article by Andrew Flint, â€Å"The NBA Player’s Association was founded in 1954 with Bob Cousy of the Boston Celtics as the first president. It wasn’t recognized by the owners until 1964 when the players threatened to boycott the first televised All-Star Game† (Flint, 2013). The NBA labor union was createdRead MoreHow Collective Bargaining Agreements Effect The Players And The Owners1416 Words   |  6 PagesMost people around the world enjoy sporting events. These events are considered great entertainment options. So what does professional baseball, football, basketball, and most other companies around the United States have in common? If you guessed Collective Bargaining Agreements (CBA), Unions, arbitration and strikes/work stoppages you are absolutely correct. In the coming paragraphs, labor relations within the world of sports will be discussed from their unions to how collective bargaining agreementsRead MoreThe Sports Of Professional Baseb all Professional Sports1266 Words   |  6 PagesLockouts refer to when owners or management closes their doors to their employees. A strike is when employees refuse to work. In most cases labor unions are born out of unfair working conditions and wages were salaries that may be minimal. One might not think of poor working conditions minimal salary when it comes to the three major sports of professional baseball professional basketball in the National Football League. You look at athletes like Michael Jordan, Kobe Bryant, Peyton Manning, and AlexRead MoreAthletes Should Not Be Paid Than Athletes1131 Words   |  5 Pages(Professional Athletes†). In today s society, one is not actually paid more based on the economic importance of their occupation. Instead, those involved in the entertainment industry get paid larger salaries than those shaping the future. In the 1996 basketball season, Michael Jordan made 170,000 dollars a day, whereas an average teacher will only collect 4 0,000 dollars a year (Professional Athletes). The salaries of athletes do not directly reflect their roles in the world. Professional athletes onlyRead MoreEssay about The Origin of the Game of Basketball1391 Words   |  6 Pagesfans across the globe may get thrills while watching an intense minor or professional basketball game, although, few actually know where or how this widely popular sport was created. From this paper, one will acquire information about the origin of the game of basketball, how the game has evolved over time, and basketball as a business. â€Å"The two questions that I am most commonly asked when I am discussing basketball with persons whom I have just met are, How did you come to think of it? and WhatRead MoreThe Nba Makes A Profit907 Words   |  4 Pagessponsorships, television contracts and selling merchandise. The National Basketball Association recently signed a new TV agreement with TNT and ESPN to approximately make $2.6 billion per season. Even with a total of 400 or so odd active players making an average of close to $5 million annually, national TV contracts generate enough revenue to cover salaries and then some. This graph depicts league revenue of the National Basketball Association from the 2001/02 season to the 2014/15 season (StatisticaRead MoreBackground of the NBA Lockout1366 Words   |  5 Pagesneither side. Background The NBA lockout that was experienced in 2011 was the fourth lockout to have been experienced in the history of NBA. The lock out began on expiring of the collective bargaining agreement that had been made in 2006. The lockout lasted one hundred and sixty one days (CACCIOLA, 2011). The crucial issues that brought about the lockout that resulted from the disagreement of owners and players represented by National Basketball Players Association were the salary cap structure, theRead MoreA Long History Of Labor Disputes1421 Words   |  6 Pageslabor disputes within the organization. Players have been fighting for fair pay, honest representation and benefits. This has led to modification of the collective agreement, which in turn, has led to strikes and lockouts. In recent years the NBA has faced challenges concerning lockouts because of the inability of the players union and the NBA to reach a collective agreement deal. In 2011 the NBA team owner’s lockedout out the players. Thi s resulted in months of conflict and negotiations. The effects

Developing A Strong Security Policy - 978 Words

One of the most important jobs in a data processing organization, other than the actual processing of data, is securing the information from the time the original data is entered until the end of the process. Businesses trust data processing companies with valuable business information from customer information lists to sensitive business documents so being a trustworthy processing center is critical. In order to ensure the safety and security of client’s information, data processing companies must have top-notch security in place from the locks on the door to the people they hire. One way to develop a strong security policy is to hire a security analyst who is in charge of overseeing every aspect of the company’s security. The security analyst will help design, implement, and update security policies and procedures, as well as ensure that these policies and procedures are being followed. This is a crucial position as it is the first line of defense in protecting a business’s most important asset; its data. Any loss of data can be catastrophic leading to a ripple effect that will impact the business negatively. Data processing companies handle data from various types of businesses, but every business’s data should be treated with the same level of importance. Policies and procedures should be made clear to employees as well as the consequences for not adhering to them. One important security policy would be customer/client privacy. No employee should,Show MoreRelatedIndian Foreign Policies : India s Free Global Market And Predictability Of More Economic Development799 Words   |  4 PagesG7 summit 2015 in Schloss Elmau has created a new chapter to many developing and developed nations like India and China to be part of this group as a guest. Opens new vision for these nations to get benefitted in its annual meeting. When these highly industrialized nations are discussing multifaceted problems like Terrorism, Environment, wo men empowerment, economic development, global economic balance etc. Indian foreign policies reflect its agenda for equal distance with multipolar world representingRead MoreInternal Network Security1451 Words   |  6 Pagesadvantages by using Internet network to support their business. Therefore, companies are trying as hard as they can, and give high effort in protecting their network from attack and make sure that they have the best network security. Most people think that the threat of security attack is only come from outside the company. In fact, the attack from inside the company network is more harmful with high frequency to be happened. As written by Cryptek (2001), which based the argument from some articlesRead MoreHow Technology Has Brought Internet1392 Words   |  6 Pagesadvantages by using Internet network to support their business. Therefore, companies are trying as hard as they can, and give high effort in protecting their network from attack and make sure that they have the best network security. Most people think that the threat of security attack is only come from outside the company. In fact, the attack from inside the company network is more harmful with high frequency to be happened. As written by Cryptek (2001), which based the argument from some articlesRead MoreCSEC630 Team Assig met iTrust 1337 Words   |  6 Pagesspecialist of all sorts without much hassle. However, designing and developing such a medical system must be build and deployed keeping a few things in mind such a privacy, confidentiality, system availability and security. By ensuring these areas are well developed, the medical industry can have user buy-in (patients) by encouraging consumer confidence. The following document will focus on several crucial aspects of developing and designing a medical database that stores, tracks, audits, and maintainsRead MoreRussia QA Essay1604 Words   |  7 Pagesa super power. The country has permanent membership in the United Nations Security Council; it is also a member of the Group of 20(G20), Group of 8(G8) and the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation. This paper will critically examine the Russian national purpose and ideology, national power and international relationships as well as foreign policy. The paper will also describe the Russian commitments and its national security relationships with the United States. Question one. National purpose of Russia Read MoreInternal Network Security1463 Words   |  6 Pagesadvantages by using Internet network to support their business. Therefore, companies are trying as hard as they can, and give high effort in protecting their network from attack and make sure that they have the best network security. Most people think that the threat of security attack is only come from outside the company. In fact, the attack from inside the company network is more harmful with high frequency to be happened. As written by Cryptek (2001), which based the argument from some articlesRead MoreEvaluating The Objectives Of An E Commerce Security Program1712 Words   |  7 PagesAssessing a companies’ risk is one of many steps in developing a security program. The other is establishing a security management structure and visibly giving security responsibilities. This project will focus on development and implementation techniques of e-commerce security to prevent and identify intrusions. This report will exhibit techniques on how to apply, adapt, and extend the already developed monitoring techniques in areas such as intrusion detection or verification. Beginning with aRead MoreSecuring and Protecting Information1250 Words   |  5 Pagesthat any organization has a secure method that is set into place. This method should protect a system against various security threats, these threats would consist of individuals impersonating users and password hackers. Also if data and other resources are going to be shared on the organizations network with other companies, it is imperative that some kind of authentication policy is put into place and that it coincides with the other organization that the information is being exchanged with. Read MoreNetwork Security Measures Essay1134 Words   |  5 PagesIdentify Security Measures Which Address These Threats and Vulnerabilities Any network is vulnerable at its weakest point and perpetrators will try to get in any way that they can. Some just to see if they can and others for manipulated personal gain. Security measures, policy and procedures are written and tailored to meet the specific needs of an organization. Security tools are installed on networks to keep out cyber criminals. Vulnerability is a weakness in a security system. A threatRead MoreCyber Crime Case1458 Words   |  6 Pagesorganization should be ready to attack the incident quickly. Cyber crime which are increasing at faster rate should be controlled to protect the organization, CSIRT is the pillar for any organization should act effectively in responding. As many other developing countries, the internet usage in Colombia has also increased rapidly. The Government of Colombia want to develop CSIRT called ColCERT to secure their organizations. In Colombia use communication technologies has increased significantly, this raised

Business Strategy for Hubbards Foods Limited-myassignmenthelp

Question: Write about theBusiness Strategy for Hubbards Foods Limited. Answer: Diversification Strategy Hubbards Foods Limited is a cereal manufacturing company situated in Auckland. The company was found by Dick Hubbard, who started the family business in the Auckland city of New Zealand (Sbc.org.nz 2017). The eventual growth of the business is much commending. However, maintenance of the sustainable position in this ever growing competitive scenario, it is necessary for the company to undertake the relevant strategic decision. The diversification strategy is quite fruitful for maintaining the business sustainability. Apparently, the diversification strategy focuses on increasing customer base (Serrano, Fernndez-Olmos and Pinilla 2015). It is notified that the company is aiming at selling both the high range products to low range products. In order to ensure growth, Mr. Dick Hubbard is promoting the high quality cereals under the brand of Hubbards Foods Limited. Moreover, the company is also paying attention towards manufacturing the unique product lines specifically for the private l abels of the supermarket. Products like cornflakes and puffs are included in such private labels that are lower end in terms of price range. Mr. Dick Hubbard has also introduced the seasonal variations for the cereal products. For instance, people consume at least 10% cereals more in summer than the winter season. It is to be considered that the cereal industry has been experiencing the rapid changes in last few decades. Therefore, the company has decided to present the product variations by introducing the Mueslistyle Cereals (Sbc.org.nz 2017). The threats from the competitors are quite significant. Concentrating on such competition level, the company has been introducing the diversification process in the product line. Starting from the lower end prices to high price products are available for the customers. Such product diversification strategy is much helpful in generating the customers attention. It is needless to mention that the preference of the high quality products is the first priority. The brand does not compromise with the quality parameter even the price becomes higher sometimes. The clear focus towards the high quality product ranges is impressive to gather more customers attention. Hence, it can be implied that the implementation of the diversification strategy is quite profitable for the company to secure the competitive edge. References Sbc.org.nz, 2017. Sustainable Development Reporting Case Study Hubbard Foods [online] Available at: https://www.sbc.org.nz/__data/assets/pdf_file/0003/55587/Hubbards-SDR-Case-Study.pdf [Accessed 20 Aug. 2017]. Serrano, R., Fernndez-Olmos, M. and Pinilla, V., 2015. International diversification and performance in agri-food firms.Documento de Trabajo,1.

Oceanography Chapter 7 Essay Example

Oceanography Chapter 7 Paper An indirect method of measuring ocean current is the use of __________. radar altimeters A large system of rotating ocean currents, usually driven by the major wind belts, is called a(n) gyre The current in the northwestern part of the North Atlantic Subtropical Gyre that transports warm water toward the North Atlantic is called the Gulf Stream The loss of heat from the ocean surface, resulting in a lowered temperature, causes ocean water to become denser A deep and powerful southward subsurface current that flows under the Gulf Stream in the North Atlantic is the North Atlantic Deep Water Thermohaline circulation in the ocean is driven primarily by differences in __________ and __________ among water masses. temperature; salinity To produce a surface current of 1.6 knots in the open ocean, a steady wind of _____ knots would be required. 80 The actual movement of surface water due to Ekman transport in the Northern Hemisphere is about __________. 45 degrees to the right of the wind direction Of the following statements about subtropical gyres, which is/are true? The western boundary current of all subtropical gyres is intensified (it is fast, narrow, and deep).Globally, there are five subtropical gyres.There are four main surface currents in each subtropical gyreThe centers of all subtropical gyres are associated with high atmospheric pressure.The rotation of each subtropical gyre causes a hill of water to pile up within it. Of the following gyres, which one(s) flow in a counterclockwise direction? Indian Ocean Subtropical Gyre, Northern Hemisphere Subpolar Gyres, South Atlantic Subtropical Gyre, South Pacific Subtropical Gyre Of the following surface currents, which one(s) flow from south to north? Peru Current Kuroshio Current the Gulf Stream Of the following surface currents, which one(s) flow generally from west to east? West Wind Drift, Equatorial Counter Current, North Pacific Current The West Wind Drift (Antarctic Circumpolar Current) is a part of which of the following subtropical gyres? South Pacific Subtropical Gyre Indian Ocean Subtropical Gyre South Atlantic Subtropical Gyre Of the following statements about Ekman spiral and Ekman transport, which is/are true? -within the ekman spiral, deeper water can move in a direction exactly opposite of the wind direction -The two factors that affect the ekman spiral are the wind direction and the Coriolis effect-because of the coriolis effect, surface waters move at an angle to the wind direction-connecting the arrows of water movement from the surface into deeper waters shows the spiral pattern-ekman transport is to the right of the wind direction in the northern hemisphere Of the following currents, which ones are parts of the South Atlantic Subtropical Gyre? Benguela Current We will write a custom essay sample on Oceanography Chapter 7 specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Oceanography Chapter 7 specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Oceanography Chapter 7 specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer West Wind Drift South Equatorial Current Brazil Current Downwelling can result from converging surface currents Of the following locations, where would upwelling be expected to occur? -where there is a sharp bend in a coastline-where there is a shallowly submerged sea floor obstruction, such as a tablemount-in areas of diverging surface currents,such as along the equator-in areas of offshore winds The thermocline is _________________. a steep temperature gradient in the ocean that separates deeper cold water from warmer upper water What is the Walker Circulation Cell? It is the path that air takes as it moves from high to low pressure, and back to high pressure, in the South Pacific under normal conditions. Why does upwelling occur along the west coast of South America under normal conditions? Winds moving westward in the South Pacific drive ocean currents toward the west; deep water rises to replace water driven westward. What would you expect weather to be like on the eastern coast of Australia if the western coast of South America were experiencing unusually warm, wet weather? What would you expect weather to be like on the eastern coast of Australia if the western coast of South America were experiencing unusually warm, wet weather?The eastern coast of Australia would be experiencing unusually dry weather.The eastern coast of Australia would be experiencing unusually wet weather.The eastern coast of Australia would be experiencing unusually cool weather.The eastern coast of Australia would be experiencing unusually warm weather. The eastern coast of Australia would be experiencing unusually dry weather. Which direction do ocean currents in the South Pacific move under El Nino conditions? Eastward What is the Southern Oscillation? What is the Southern Oscillation? Under which conditions are droughts and wildfires common in Australia? under El Nino conditions What is the overall effect of the stronger than normal trade winds typical of La Nina conditions? lowering of the South Pacific ocean temperature from normal conditions One of the world’s most powerful currents, located off the east coast of the United States, is the Gulf Stream The Gulf Stream transports warm water into the North Atlantic Fluctuations in the flow of the Gulf Stream current result in curving loops of water known as meanders Ocean frontal systems that spin off from currents such as the Gulf Stream, akin to atmospheric storms, are known as eddies When a meander from the Gulf Stream pinches off into the warm water south of the current, the eddy is called a cold-core eddy or ring The largest of the great ocean surface currents is the West Wind Drift Warm core rings and cold core rings are associated with western boundary currents Indian Ocean currents that are generated by seasonal changes in weather patterns are the __________ and __________ Currents. Somali/Southwest Monsoon During a strong El Nino event, the news media might be expected to cover a tropical cyclone in Hawaii or Tahiti Of the following conditions, which is/are related to strong El Nino events? -increase in sea surface temp. and destruction of coral reefs in the eastern pacific ocean-higher sea levels in the eastern pacific ocean associated with warmer water-increased abundance of hurricanes in the eastern pacific ocean Deep ocean current movement is also known as thermohaline flow Records indicate that the ocean is warming faster in the Arctic polar regions than elsewhere. If that continues, a possible consequence could be slowing of deep ocean circulation, resulting in lower oxygen levels in deep water Of the following statements about deep-ocean currents, which is/are true? -Deep-ocean currents contain water that is high in oxygen. -Deep-ocean circulation is often referred to as thermohaline flow. -The volume of water involved in the downward movement of deep-ocean currents is equal to the flow of 100 Amazon-sized rivers. -Deep-ocean currents are important regulators of global climate.-Deep-ocean currents are initiated by downwelling of cold, dense water near Antarctica and in the North Atlantic Ocean. (deep ocean currents often travel faster than surface currents) The coastlines with the greatest tsunami hazard are most commonly associated with what type of plate boundary? convergent Which of the following statements about earthquakes and tsunami hazards is most accurate? A relatively high number of earthquakes and the greatest tsunami hazard occur along the western coast of South America. Which of the following statements is most accurate about tsunami hazards and the number of people at risk? A low tsunami hazard and a high number of people at risk are present along the coast of the eastern United States. Which body of water is shown to have the greatest amount of coastal pollution? Baltic Sea Surface ocean currents ___. form large rotating gyres in the major ocean basinsare driven by windsare influenced by Coriolis effect Equatorial currents that are part of the subtropical gyres flow ___. Equatorial counter currents between the gyres flow ___ . east-to-west; west-to-east Warm ocean currents ___. are warming than the surrounding water Cool ocean currents ___. generally flow from high latitudes towards the equator The subtropical gyres ___. play a large role in climate Deep ocean currents ___. Deep ocean currents ___.

Posthumous and Posthumously

Posthumous and Posthumously Posthumous and Posthumously Posthumous and Posthumously By Maeve Maddox Researching another topic altogether, I came across this startling use of the word posthumously: Nicholas Schmidle, whose narrative account of the death of Osama bin was completed without ever interviewing any members of SEAL Team 6, posthumously wrote an article entitled â€Å"In the Crosshairs’’ in The New Yorker. Posthumously means â€Å"after death.† An article may be published posthumously, but writing one posthumously would be quite a feat. The adjective posthumous is applied to an action or reputation occurring, arising, or continuing after death. For example, John Kennedy Toole acquired a posthumous reputation for his novel A Confederacy of Dunces, which wasn’t published until eleven years after his death. Posthumously, he won a Pulitzer Prize for Fiction. Or perhaps the passive would be better here: He was awarded the prize posthumously. The word comes from the classical Latin adjective postumus that was used to describe a child born after the father’s death. The h in the English word may be the result of folk etymology by association with the word humus (earth), or by someone’s learned desire to associate it with the Latin verb humare, â€Å"to bury.† Here are examples of posthumous and posthumously used correctly on the Web: Murdered NYPD officers Rafael Ramos and Wenjian Liu were posthumously promoted to the rank of detective. The posthumous birth of a child has been a common occurrence throughout human history, but now â€Å"posthumous conception† has become possible. The technology that permits parents to bank sperm and eggs for later use has created legal problems no one could have anticipated a few decades ago. I did find this quotation in which the word posthumously is used in an unexpected way: Novelist Nadine Gordimer told writer Christopher Hitchens that â€Å"A serious person should try to write posthumously.† Hitchens interpreted her unusual use of the word to mean to write as if the â€Å"usual constraints of fashion, commerce, self-censorship, public and, perhaps especially, intellectual opinion- did not operate.† Bottom line: Ordinarily, people who are still alive can’t do anything posthumously. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Misused Words category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:How to Punctuate References to Dates and Times55 Boxing Idioms40 Irregular Verbs That Can End in â€Å"-t†

Turkey (Meleagris gallapavo) History

Turkey (Meleagris gallapavo) History The turkey (Meleagris gallapavo) was inarguably domesticated in the North American continent, but its specific origins are somewhat problematic. Archaeological specimens of wild turkey have been found in North America that date to the Pleistocene, and turkeys were emblematic of many indigenous groups in North America as seen at sites such as the Mississippian capital of Etowah (Itaba) in Georgia. But the earliest signs of domesticated turkeys found to date appear in Maya sites such as Cob beginning about 100 BCE–100 CE. All modern turkeys are descended from M. gallapavo, the wild turkey having been exported from the Americas to Europe during the 16th century. Turkey Species The wild turkey (M. gallopavo) is indigenous to much of the eastern and southwestern US, northern Mexico, and southeastern Canada. Six subspecies are recognized by biologists: eastern (Meleagris gallopavo silvestris), Florida (M. g. osceola), Rio Grande (M.g. intermedia), Merriams (M.g. merriami), Goulds (M.g. mexicana), and southern Mexican (M.g. gallopavo). The differences among them are primarily the habitat in which the turkey is found, but there are minor differences in body size and plumage coloration. Oscellated Turkey (Agriocharis ocellata or Meleagris ocellata). Corbis Documentary / Getty Images The ocellated turkey (Agriocharis ocellata or Meleagris ocellata) is considerably different in size and coloration and thought by some researchers to be a completely separate species. The ocellated turkey has iridescent bronze, green, and blue body feathers, deep red legs, and bright blue heads and necks covered with large orange and red nodules. It is native to the Yucatn peninsula of Mexico and into northern Belize and Guatemala- in a completely different range than wild turkeys- and is today often found wandering in Maya ruins such as Tikal. The ocellated turkey is more resistant to domestication but was among the turkeys kept in pens by the Aztecs as described by the Spanish. Before the Spanish arrived, both wild and ocellated turkeys were brought into co-existence in the Maya region by the extensive trade network.   Turkeys were used by precolumbian North American societies for a number of things: meat and eggs for food, and feathers for decorative objects and clothing. The hollow long bones of turkeys were also adapted for use as musical instruments and bone tools. Hunting wild turkeys could furnish these things as well as domesticated ones, and scholars are attempting to pinpoint the domestication period as when the nice to have became need to have. Turkey Domestication At the time of the Spanish colonization, there were domesticated turkeys both in Mexico among the Aztecs, and in the Ancestral Pueblo Societies (Anasazi) of the southwestern United States. Evidence suggests that the turkeys from the U.S. southwest were imported from Mexico about 300 CE, and perhaps re-domesticated in the southwest about 1100 CE when turkey husbandry intensified. Wild turkeys were found by the European colonists throughout the eastern woodlands. Variations in coloration were noted in the 16th century, and many turkeys were brought back to Europe for their plumage and meat. Archaeological evidence for turkey domestication accepted by scholars includes the presence of turkeys outside of their original habitats, evidence for the construction of pens, and whole turkey burials. Studies of the bones of turkeys found in archaeological sites can also provide evidence. The demography of a turkey bone assemblage, whether the bones include old, juvenile, male, and female turkeys and in what proportion, is key to understanding what a turkey flock might have looked like. Turkey bones with healed long bone fractures and the presence of quantities of eggshell also indicate that turkeys were kept at a site, rather than hunted and consumed. Chemical analyses have been added to the traditional methods of study: stable isotope analysis of both turkey and human bones from a site can assist in identifying the diets of both. Patterned calcium absorption in eggshell has been used to identify when the broken shell came from hatched birds or from raw egg consumption. Turkey Pens: What Does Domestication Mean? Pens to keep turkeys have been identified at Ancestral Pueblo Society Basketmaker sites in Utah, such as Cedar Mesa, an archaeological site which was occupied between 100 BCE and 200 CE (Cooper and colleagues 2016). Such evidence has been used in the past to implicate the domestication of the animals- certainly, such evidence has been used to identify larger mammals such as horses and reindeer. Turkey coprolites indicate that the turkeys at Cedar Mesa were fed maize, but there are few if any cut marks on turkey skeletal material and turkey bones are often found as complete animals. A recent study (Lipe and colleagues 2016) looked at multiple strands of evidence for tending, care, and diet of birds in the US southwest. Their evidence suggests that although a mutual relationship was begun as early as Basketmaker II (about 1 CE), the birds were likely used solely for feathers and not fully domesticated. It wasnt until the Pueblo II period (ca. 1050–1280 CE) that turkeys became an important food source. Trade These ocellated turkeys (Agriocharis ocellata) dont seem very interested in the Maya ruins at Tikal, Guatemala. Christian Kober / robertharding / Getty Images A possible explanation for the presence of turkeys in Basketmaker sites is the long-distance trade system, that captive turkeys were kept within their original habitats in Mesoamerican communities for feathers and may have been traded up into the United States southwest and Mexican northwest, as has been identified for macaws, albeit much later. It is also possible that the Basketmakers decided to keep wild turkeys for their feathers independent of whatever was going on in Mesoamerica. As with many other animal and plant species, domesticating the turkey was a long, drawn-out process, beginning very gradually. Full domestication might have been completed in the US southwest/Mexican northwest only after turkeys became a food source, rather than simply a feather source. Sources Cooper, C., et al. Short-Term Variability of Human Diet at Basketmaker Ii Turkey Pen Ruins, Utah: Insights from Bulk and Single Amino Acid Isotope Analysis of Ha. Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports 5 (2016): 10-18. Print.Lipe, William D., et al. Cultural and Genetic Contexts for Early Turkey Domestication in the Northern Southwest. American Antiquity 81.1 (2016): 97-113. Print.Sharpe, Ashley E., et al. Earliest Isotopic Evidence in the Maya Region for Animal Management and Long-Distance Trade at the Site of Ceibal, Guatemala. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115.14 (2018): 3605-10. Print.Speller, Camilla F., et al. Ancient Mitochondrial DNA Analysis Reveals Complexity of Indigenous North American Turkey Domestication. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 107.7 (2010): 2807-12. Print.Thornton, Erin, Kitty F. Emery, and Camilla Speller. Ancient Maya Turkey Husbandry: Testing Theories through Stable Isotope Analysis. Journal of Archaeological Science: R eports 10 (2016): 584-95. Print. Thornton, Erin Kennedy. Introduction to the Special Issue - Turkey Husbandry and Domestication: Recent Scientific Advances. Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports 10 (2016): 514-19. Print.Thornton, Erin Kennedy, and Kitty F. Emery. The Uncertain Origins of Mesoamerican Turkey Domestication. Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory 24.2 (2015): 328-51. Print.

What is the Role of Ethnicity in Africa Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

What is the Role of Ethnicity in Africa - Essay Example 138). In a simple way, ethnicity refers to a group of people who share same ancestral background, language, lifestyles and culture. From the above definition, enmity among Hutu, Tutsi and Twa relates to the above definition. Ethnicity led to a political divide in Rwanda (Scott, 2007). By 1959, the Tutsis were keen to liberate Rwanda from colonial oppression. This however led to massive killings for the sake of finding this freedom. This liberation made Tutsis dominant thus the forming of the one party state, which was powerful enough to penetrate the whole Rwandan society. To ensure dominance, they came up with ideologies that were against education and the press. To define ethnic boundaries, they came up with a system that involves the use of identity cards to show where individuals belonged. Between 1958 and 1962, there was massive campaign against the Tutsis, which claimed close to 200,000 Hutus as revenge from the Tutsi. Due to the indirect rule, Rwandans came to define their identities due to the idea that a society that everyone must belong to an ethnic group. This led to political divide in that they believed power was a key item in ethnic identity. This evident when in 1990, there emerged real enmity between supporters of then the Rwandan President Juvenal Habyarimana who was a Hutu and the Rwandan Patriotic Front led by Paul Kagame who was a Tutsi. Due to this rivalry, Juvenal’s plane was shot while in the air and none of the people on board survived. This led to a blame game with the Tutsis being blamed for the assassination. The blame game left women and children at risk since they were the easiest to attack and kill in the name of revenge. Ethnicity played a key role in control of resources during and before genocide. Since independence, the Tutsis enjoyed the monopoly of being the only ones with the power to control the country’s natural